Are We Free or Determined

Introduction The question of whether we are free or determined has aroused a never-ending debate between two groups with differing opinions. Those who believe in the view of free will say man is free enough to determine what he/she wants and that the choice for self-determination is real and actual.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are We Free or Determined? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, those who believe that they a re powerless to make decisions believe that man’s actions are determined. According to them, there is no point at which a person will ever fully determine him/herself because of the nature of the world he/she lives where everything has already been decided by other preceding factors. The paper borrows the view of this group that our actions, thoughts, and behaviors are determined and that people have no power to make their own free will choices. We are determined-not free Though people believe in freedom, they often aspire to show how free they are and how far the freewill goes. However, in essence, man is not free but determined. In fact, Rachels (2011) tells us, â€Å"The more we learn about the causes of human behavior, the less likely it seems that we are free† (p. 109). This claim can be proved when man’s life or freewill is put to test using the following parameters that prove that man is not free as he/she might think. He further says, â€Å"People are never responsible for their actions because their actions are caused by forces beyond their control† (Rachels, 2011, p. 96) Other People influence our decisions Determination of a decision as being right or wrong is always tested against certain past parameters that are already set to define what comprises a right or a wrong decision. A decision to do the right thing in the society, for example, is determined by the moral standards that have been set by the society. Therefor e, the choice to make whatever decision we wish, whether right or wrong is never ours. The decision to do the right thing has always been informed by the expectations of the society, which always attaches a form of reward for doing the right thing. Rachel informs, â€Å"the debate of freewill has been about nature of human actions and its relationship to moral responsibility† (p. 118). Therefore, what we do, whether right or wrong, is due to our subconscious expectation for a reaction from the society. We are therefore dependent on the society. A person’s decision to dress this way or that way is due to the expectations of the society that one dresses up. Secondly, it is due to what the society has set as a dress code. Therefore, to create a certain picture, the person will choose a mode of dressing that will derive a specific reaction from society thus subjecting the person’s choice to what the person expects from the society. This shows how our decisions are a bstract in all ways.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People limit our choices People around us limit the choices we make in most of the things we aspire to do or have. This claim is informed by societal norms and expectations. Human nature has forced people to be custodians of humanity and its existence. This reveals why the people around us will tend to limit the choices we make especially if they are not good as per the societal norms and or for human survival (Rachels, 2011, p.100). What people expect out of us, whether at the work place, church, home, and school stops us from doing some things that are not acceptable to them. Thus, we only limit ourselves to what they expect. As humans, we have a sense of belonging and wanting to be identified in a certain group setup. Naturally, all groups have rules that regulate them. Thus, man, being a social animal with a need to fit in a gr oup, will always have to abide by the group’s norms, which limit the choices he/she makes at the end. The revelation is a great example of how people around us limit our choices. The views we all wish to create towards the outside world usually limit us in the plans we wish to make. One will always look over the shoulder whenever he/she wishes to make choices that he/she knows very well are not acceptable to the people around him/her. The role we have towards the people around us and authorities as well tend to guide our choice of decisions. If one makes certain decisions that are oblivious of the law, there are consequences to face. Our situation limits our choices Situations also limit our choices. Thus, they confine us within the category of deterministic people. Situations are the positions in which we find ourselves. They can be totally out of control. When a situation happens, there are specific solutions that can be employed to take care of it. Thus, such a case, thoug h beyond us, tends to limit what choices we can make at that particular moment. Rachel contends, â€Å"Many individuals would not break the law had their circumstances been different† (p.100). The limitation is always within the solutions of the situation. Choices are always varied. They can be very wide in scope. A choice becomes relevant only if it is the solution or close to the solution. One might think that, by coming up with an original idea or solution to a problem, he/she is a libertarian. This is not so because the limitations created by a situation forces one to take a tunnel vision in search to answers. This tunnel vision simply narrows ones ideas to specifics. An example to this is while one encounters a tire burst while travelling in a car. The situation has several solutions. However, only one or two can be the best considering other circumstances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are We Free or Determined? specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Government limits our choices Society limits our choices in a paternalistic manner. For example, the government makes laws to govern people. In a broad sense, these laws simply demarcate the amount of choices we can make by either abolishing them or by simply limiting them to a certain extent. The government, for instance, makes laws that govern different sectors of the economy. Such laws dictate or set a framework of what can be studied at school under what setup. This therefore limits the choices we have to what has been prescribed in the law. Our religions and religious groups also govern our choices in a big way. Some religions strictly prescribe what food someone can eat and what he/she cannot eat. Religions prescribe the acts that are forbidden and the ones that are acceptable. These forbidden acts are actually a limitation, as set up by the society in which we live. Somehow, we have to abide by them to be accepted unconditional ly as members of the society. Society also limits our choices of things such as fun in a bid to protect us from harm. Substances like drugs are forbidden in the society because of the kind of damage they cause to people’s bodies though they give them a lot of pleasure besides making them feel good. This simply brings out the society’s role of being the custodian of our interests. Hence, it qualifies to be a limiting factor to the choices we can make. Nature as a limiting factor Natural occurrence is a limiting factor to the choices we make because nature, in its mighty way, always takes up control of situations. We can only cope with it. When we wish to take a flight to different destinations, nature, in its form, can change the weather to the extent that the flights have to be cancelled due to the dangers that the weather might cause. In this instance, the choice not to travel or the choice to cancel the flight is not our own but that of nature as a limiting factor. R achels (2011) contends, â€Å"According to quantum mechanics, the laws that govern the behavior of matter are probabilistic† (p. 112). Our own bodies as they are can naturally function to a certain extent only. As much as we might wish our bodies to function differently, we cannot do some things as we wish. This explains the phenomena as the power of nature as a limiting factor that renders people determinists. Conclusion In conclusion, I find that, though the debate about libertarians and determinists is a never-ending one, determinists sound more convincing in proving that man is hugely deterministic in nature. Man’s nature has made him/her live in a predetermined society with most of the happenings being things that have already had precedence or rather a history. Rachel (2011) argues that, â€Å"The whole worry over free will begins with the idea that, if an action is part of the great casual chain, it cannot be free† (p. 117). The argument reveals why manâ €™s solution to a problem always takes a tunnel vision approach.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Rachels, James. Problems from Philosophy. New York: McGrawhill, 2011. This essay on Are We Free or Determined? was written and submitted by user Adelina J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Machine stops essays

The Machine stops essays The science of practical and industrial arts is defined by the term technology. Harlan Ellison illustrates this in I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream that an anti-technology viewpoint of machines can be used as the controlling force of the future. The Machine Stops by Edward Forester also demonstrates this realization. In the writings of Mr. Ellison, he exerts the governing force through his machine AM. That force had been created as the result of human abuse that AM had sustained over the past several hundred years. We have given AM sentience. Inadvertently, of course, but sentience nonetheless. But it had been trapped. AM wasnt God, he was a machine. We had created him to think, but there was nothing he could do with that creativity. In rage, infrenzy, the machine had killed the human race, almost all of us, and still it was trapped. AM could not wonder, AM could not wonder, AM could not belong. He could merely be. And so, with the innate loathing that all machines had always held for the weak, soft creatures who had built them, he had sought revenge. Thus the force in which human beings themselves had created could not think beyond what minute creativity he had been given. He had been created without an identity, but with the feeling of human emotion. Hate. Let me tell you how mu ch Ive come to hate you since I began to live. There are 387.44 million miles of printed circuits in wafer thin layers that fill my complex. If the word hate was engraved on each nanoangstrom of those hundreds of millions of miles it would not equal one billionth of the hate I feel for humans at this micro-instant for you. Hate. AM despised human beings for creating him! Maybe its not from his creation alone that his hatred sores, but that he was created with an infraction. If that where an infraction, could it have been he was created to have the human ability to f...

Media and Communication Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Media and Communication Theories - Essay Example Development of the internet and personal computing during the 70s, invention of Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) during the late 80s further stimulated a trend towards new media (Friedman 2006). Widespread usage of the internet in the early 90s, and a wide range of other related technological breakthroughs led to the creation of new media (Friedman 2006). New Media offered features that were practically unimaginable and unheard of just a decade ago (Friedman 2006). The hallmark of new media is that it has the potential and the capacity to bridge the seemingly incompatible features of the earlier communications media. Many experts tend to convey that new media is inherently democratic in all its aspects, be it consumption or production. It has enabled the masses and the consumers to actively engage with media and has armed them with the power to alter and shape media. There is no denying the fact that new media has certain inbuilt traits and abilities, which make it inherently mor e open, free and accessible. Yet, to claim that new media is fool proof democratic and immune to manipulation and distortion would be asking for too much. New media, like the previous media is sensitive and vulnerable to ideas and ideologies, and autocracy and totalitarianism are as rampant and existent ideas in the 21st century as democracy and liberty. 2.0 Democracy in the Age of New MediaNew media became realistically became universally accessible, courtesy the spread of the internet aided communication in the 90s. Considering this, the expert and the popular opinion stood to be unanimous in the sense that it expected new media to usher in an era of affordable production and distribution of information (Turkle 1995). Thereby new media tends to be essentially egalitarian and democratic in its scope (Turkle 1995). During the early stages of new media, a majority of the people were of the view that new media will demolish the monopoly of the established media houses and the restraining designs of the autocratic rgimes (Longford & Patten 2007). This will enable the people and the civil society groups to act and operate as independent broadcasters and publishers. Everybody expected that new media would usher in an era of interactive and democratic mass communication. New media will enable the masses to

Five Year Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Five Year Strategic Plan - Essay Example The plan would entail the leadership curve. The medical staff must know that unity of command is of utmost essence under such equations. It will make sure that the staff knows exactly who to follow and what kind of principles and duties lie upon their entireties. Leadership instills in the staff a sense of comprehension that they must work to their end limits and give in their best time and again. There is no room for any hiccups and this must never be realized upon at any level (Owen, 1990). This is the reason why employees should always look up to their seniors whenever they believe that they are in confusion or doubt, and seek prior approval of tasks from the leaders who are in charge of the peculiar situations. Moving on to the next phase of this plan, as a chief executive of the medical center, I need to devote more time towards the different tasks which take place under my eyes. This is because my vision will lead the way for a number of steps that shall take place within the medical facility. If I am not adhering to following the standards, then this would only mean that there is a transgression of sorts which must be resolved at the earliest. My undertakings would let the people know where the anomalies occur and how best to remove them as soon as possible. The plan would also discuss the ethical considerations which must be significantly outlined as far as this medical center’s activities and operations are concerned. This is because ethics is the core basis of the medical and health profession and it cannot be denied its due right. The patients who are most needy and who look forward to receiving medical help and assistance should always be given facilitation no matter where they belong from, what kind of living standards they have or which ethnic minorities they are a part of (Morrison, 2011). This ethical debate has been

Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmission - Essay Example This means that alteration of the conditions that are favorable for cells to be alive leads to the death of the organelles. The various systems, therefore, have to ensure that the internal conditions of the body are favorable for cells to live; this state is known as homeostasis (Cooper, 2011). The favorable conditions are achieved when the systems ensure that the internal environment remains constant. The process of maintaining the constant conditions is known as the regulation of homeostasis. The process of regulating homeostasis involves three parts that include the effectors, control centers, and the receptors (Cooper, 2011). These parts standardize the internal conditions whenever external circumstances fluctuate. The receptor is in charge of collecting information from the external environment; for example, when the weather changes from hot to cold, these elements record this change. The receptor then transfers the information to the control center. The center is in charge of p rocessing the information received from the receptor. The center then determines the change that should occur in the internal environment to ensure that it does not fluctuate like the surrounding. The center commands the effectors to execute the change (Cooper, 2011). This process is repeated whenever the surrounding conditions fluctuate, and this maintains homeostasis in the body. The change that the center would produce in case of cold weather would be increasing the body temperature. The effectors increase the temperature after receiving the command from the center. The nervous system is in charge of controlling other arrangements in the body because it consists of the brain, which is the main body regulator. The systems consist of the brain, neurons, and neurotransmitters. The neurons produce various types of transmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. The neurotransmitters transfer signals to the effectors and receptors in chemical form (Sherman, 2007); therefore, any interference with this process may damage the brain or hinder its efficient functioning. Methods by which Various Drugs Alter Neurotransmission Drug abuse is one of the processes that damage the brain and hinder the efficient functioning of the neurotransmitters. Drugs such as heroine stimulate the production of excess receptors in the brain. The increase in opioids in the brain also increases the production of dopamine. Cocaine, on the other hand, enters the neuromembrane by clinging on dopamine transmitters (Sherman, 2007). This blocks dopamine from entering into the transmit ters, and it leads to the increase of these organelles in the synapse. The increase in the dopamine in the synapse leads to the desire for more cocaine, which consequently leads to addiction. Alcohol is another drug that affects neurotransmission by altering the shape and structure of the neuromembrane, enzymes, ions, and receptors. The use of alcohol also blocks the receptors that take place in the synaptic process, which is responsible for helping an individual to learn and remember things (Sherman, 2007). Caffeine, which is contained in drinks such as coffee affects the process of transmitting neurons by preventing adenosine from connecting to its receptor. Adenosine is responsible for inducing sleep in a person. This means that individuals lack sleep when adenosine fails to perform its function efficiently. These disruptions of the neurotransm

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design A life cycle model is a term which describes the process of the planning through to the deployment of a new software on a system, covering items such as specification analysis and implementation/testing, to enable the developers to create the software, and to ensure that the end user gets what they want. Waterfall Model The waterfall model is a common method used when designing and implementing new software. It was designed to be a simple yet effective method to enable developers and users design a software together. In the Waterfall model, each phase must be completed before you can move onto the next stage, which primarily makes it for small projects where there are absolute requirements. At the end of each phase, there is a review which helps the developers know that they are on track, whether to continue with the project and what steps to take. Also, the testing element of this model can only take place after the development is complete. See the below diagram which shows each step of the waterfall process: Â   Â   The processes are: Requirement Gathering and Analysis System Design Implementation Testing Deployment Maintenance Image Source (ISTQB, 2016) The first step of this method involves getting to know what the client wants out of the system, and analyze them to see if it is realistic and achievable, to plan out how the software can be created. The second step involves designing the system to meet the needs of the client. The third is implementing the software in a test environment for the fourth step which is testing the software. The fifth step is deploying the system to the client. After all of this has been completed, the software or system must be maintained. Advantages One of the main advantages of the Waterfall model is that it is very easy to understand and follow due to the design of it. It has a very rigid design with each stage having its own deliverables and review process. In this model, there are no overlaps in the stages meaning that everything is very clear and defined making it quite effective when used in the correct way. Because the Waterfall model has a very clear and defined structure it is very good for a project that has clear goals on what needs to be achieved and due to its structure, it is a great tool to use even if you are inexperienced. Disadvantages This model can only be used when the requirements of the project are clear, as each stage requires its own review stage and cannot move any further if goals are not set. There can be no ambiguous requirements in a project using this method. There are high amounts of risk and uncertainty due to a very rigid structure, no goals can be changed or reviewed after the originals have been set. It cannot be used on projects which are ongoing because there is no way to change anything once one stage has been completed. This also means that there is little opportunity for the customer to review the product. (ISTQB, 2016) Structured Evolutionary Prototyping Model The Evolutionary Prototyping Model was designed as a software development model which incorporates the end user at almost every stage during the process. This is used so that consumers can have their say on the product during the developmental stage of the software to know that the developers have created a product which meets their needs. There are four main stages to this model to follow, they are as follows: The identification process, which is used to get the basic requirements this software must achieve. It is designed in this way as many consumers may not know the absolute requirements of the software as it is generally a continuous project. The prototype phase in which the developers will make a prototype or multiple prototypes of the product in order to get the basic requirements met. Verification of the prototype process in which the developers can use surveys and experimentation for the consumer. This stage is used so people can add their thoughts about the product and find out if there is anything that could be added or changed to make it better. The final stage is changing the prototype per the feedback that the consumer gave to the developers to meet the needs of the client. This cycle will then repeat until the customer is completely happy with their product and the development process is complete. Advantages One of the main advantages to this methodology is that the user ends up with a more accurate product due to their consistent input into the design process. Developers can learn from the consumer and vice versa. This also brings another benefit into play, meaning that any unexpected requirements or additions to the software can be added at developmental stage, resulting in a more accurate product too. It is a very flexible method. Another benefit is that you can see a constant progression throughout the development of the software, and customers can begin to see the benefits of using this software and being able to have constant input. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of this method is that the process may go on for a very long time due to the repeatable feedback process. Many developers using this method may fully scrap the process and go for a code-and-fix development process, leading to a poor reputation, with this method being seen as quick and dirty. Because of the constant input from the customer, the focus can be taken away from how maintainable the software is, mainly looking at the needs of the consumer. (Exforys, 2015) Rapid Application Model (RAD) The RAD model is used as an incremental development model, in which the all of the components of the software are developed in parallel and seen as mini-projects. These components will be scheduled, and delivered where it is compiled into a full software. This software can then be handed over to the consumer for feedback relating to the requirements. See the below diagram for a visual explanation of these timeboxed components: Of course, the number of components will vary for each software, however this gives a representation of the processes involved. There will be a specific set of teams which will all be responsible for a specific area of the software. After this process is complete the components will be amalgamated into one complete prototype. Image Source (Find Nerd, 2015) There are four main steps involved in this model, and they are as follows: Requirement Planning which is like the analysis stage within the waterfall model, however this plan incorporates a constant review of each element to ensure that the project will meet the users needs throughout the prototype stage. The design phase takes place after the initial needs have been determined, where the developers teams will generate an initial prototype for review by the user. This prototype will then be refined as the process continues. The construction phase where the developers will take the preferred prototypes of each section of the software and create a full functional program. The final stage takes place after the in-house testing and construction has finished and the client will be using and implementing the software as normal. The developers will be available for a set amount of time for corrective maintenance and to incorporate feedback. Advantages The main advantage is the reduced development time due to the development being split into different teams and section which means the process is extremely efficient. Because the components are managed by their own team, and there is generally more than one version of each section, elements can be transferred, increasing the reusability. This method encourages customer feedback on each section which means that there are clear and defined goals as the project moves along and quick reviews often happen. Disadvantages This system is heavily reliant on a strong and experienced team to identify new and existing requirements, meaning some projects may be delayed. This method only works on modelized systems and heavily relies on modeling skills. (ISTQB, 2015) (BBC, 2016) One of the main advantages of using lifecycle models is that you can firstly get a strong idea on what the consumer wants, and you to create a plan of attack on how you can achieve these. It enables you to plan and possibly create prototypes to create an efficient program for the consumer to. This ensures that the customer will be happy with the product that you have made, due to their consistent input within the development stage. In general, using a lifecycle model when developing a software can reduce the development time of the software. This is because you have a rigid schedule which you can stick to, as well as clear goals and objectives through liaising with the customer which increases the efficiency at developmental stage. Many of these plans are made to be easy to read and to follow, meaning you know exactly what is happening at each stage of the process, further increasing the efficiency. Many plans allow you to review the product with the customer throughout the developmental stage meaning that you can remove areas of the software which do not meet the standard that the customer is after. You are also able to edit certain features to add functionality, or even design new elements that will help the consumer with their end goal. Some plans allow you to really structure the development process of the software which can help you decide who will be undertaking what task, i.e. assessing strengths and putting teams together to reach your final goal. This also improves efficiency, as you could divide up the development into teams to reach the end goal much faster, and still create a great product. Lots of new life cycles allow you to visibly see the progress of the software, meaning the team stays motivated to complete the job due to clear and structures goals which work you through to the deployment and maintenance stages of the development. It also means that the consumer will see a steady stream of progress which will also keep them happy. Feasibility reports are made to examine a proposal, which allows a business or team to determine whether a project will be successful. For example, in an IT environment, you could discuss the lease of laptops using a plan rather than purchasing laptops outright. The below paragraphs discuss the components of a feasibility report and why each of them is included. Scope The first main stage of a feasibility report is the to identify the scope of the project. This means you will need to identify the issue that you will be addressing within the project. The scope must be clearly defined, as it may confuse the people involved in the project, and having unclear goals can be catastrophic to a project or job. The area that will be affected e.g. the IT department whether that be directly or indirectly. The scope essentially enables you to get an accurate study, because you have clear and defines goals. A Market Analysis Undertaking a market analysis during a feasibility report can be critical. It allows you to examine environments like yours to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to implement the project. You will then be able to create a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) which were faced by other users to make your own decisions on how the project will be undertaken. Identifying Requirements As a part of your feasibility report, you should always analyze the requirements. These requirements will be based upon the technical requirements and the requirements of the organization. Identification of technical requirements will enable you to identify which technical resources/personnel you will need to complete said project. Meanwhile you should be considering what organization procedures and requirements that you must follow, whether that be related to recommended vendors for equipment or any security laws or procedures with data protection. This is essential because it allows you to get an idea on how you will approach the project. The Approach After the first three steps, you will then be able to get an idea on how the project will be completed, therefore allowing you to decide on the approach. You must find a happy medium and decide upon a recommended course of action, or a solution that incorporates the organizational requirements. You can discuss various approaches and select a solution that best fits the needs per the scope. It must always be 1) a practical solution and 2) meet the needs of everyone. Evaluation After the approach has been decided, you will then compile a short section which examines the cost effectiveness of that approach, which can help you build an estimate of the total costs. You can cross reference previous approaches for comparison purposes. After you have completed this, you will compile the cost summary, which will provide information on the return on investment and a cost to benefit analysis. The Review The final step of a feasibility study is the review stage. This is where all the elements mentioned above will be analyzed in a formal review with either a team or business partners depending on the size of the project. It is used to firstly confirm that it is an accurate report and then decide on whether you go ahead with the project or not. At this stage, you may be asked to change some details, to engage the project or it may be full rejected. All parties involved in the review should all sign a document to agree to the project. (MWANZONI, 2016) In this section I will be discussing the impact of the criteria of feasibility reports (see above) and assess what impact they have on a systems investigation. Identifying the Scope Impacts The main impact that identifying the scope will have, is ensuring that the team undertaking the project as well as the business know exactly what the issue is that they are trying to resolve. It will allow for a guided discussion on the possible steps that you can take to complete this project, and analyze each one collated into the feasibility study. It will clearly define to everyone the goal they will be working towards on the project to keep everyone on the same page, and keeps everyone working towards a similar goal. It can also help the business and the team understand what areas could benefit from the new system and assess them against the current system for a full review. Undertaking a Market Analysis Impacts Taking the time to understand and review different methods and approaches that other people in your position have taken can be an extremely important step in the process. It will allow you to analyze these methods side by side so you can get an idea on what approach could be best for you. You may also wish to amalgamate different approaches into one sophisticated one, which may help you to efficiently reach your goal. You are then able to have a discussion regarding these steps and decide as a team which would be best for the current situation based on skills and experience as well as requirements. Understanding Requirements Impacts Understanding the requirements of both the team and the organization is arguably one of the most critical steps in the feasibility study. It will essentially allow you to get an idea of what will be possible and what wont. Basing it off the teams requirements will allow you to get an idea of who is capable to undertake which role, to see whether a certain approach will be possible or whether you must go back to the drawing board, or even scrap the idea totally. Understanding the organization requirements can help you to plan around any eventuality such as procedures regarding safety and even laws such as the data protection act. It can also influence you with the decision of the approach method. Selecting Your Approach Impacts Deciding the approach of the project is the major step in moving onto the processes of the actual project. It allows you to weigh up all the different approaches comparing how you will meet the scope, the market needs and the needs of the business and personnel. It will allow you to have a guided discussion on each approach compared to the needs and which one will suit everyone the best whilst discussing all the previous points. It finally completes the research and discussion to prepare you for the assignment. Evaluation Impacts After you have selected the approach that you will be following, you will then have to analyze how much the project will cost. It helps you to ensure that you are still in budget, and are meeting the needs of the business in that respect. It will allow you to contrast different approaches and their effectiveness compared to each of their costs to ensure you choose the most efficient method. It will also enable you to put together a final figure of costings to present to the business. Review Impacts Reviewing all your decisions regarding the project whilst presenting them to the business, will allow you to firstly ensure that all needs of the business have been met to ensure that everyone is happy with the solution to the original email. It will also allow you to get the go ahead from the business as to whether you can go ahead with the project, or whether you will need to make any changes to the original approach to ensure the solution is the most efficient possible. References BBC, 2016. BBC Bitesize. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zp3kd2p/revision/9[Accessed 09 January 2017]. Exforys, 2015. Exforys. [Online] Available at: http://www.exforsys.com/career-center/project-management-life-cycle/the-evolutionary-prototyping-model.html[Accessed 09 January 2017]. Find Nerd, 2015. Find Nerd. [Online] Available at: http://findnerd.s3.amazonaws.com/imagedata/4325/4325.jpg[Accessed 09 January 2017]. ISTQB, 2015. ISTQB. [Online] Available at: http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-rad-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/[Accessed 09 January 2017]. ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. 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Women and Obstetrics: The Loss of Childbirth to Male Physicians Essay

Women and Obstetrics: The Loss of Childbirth to Male Physicians "Woman" is often referred to as a diseased state of the male norm. Medical testing is done on men, with men as the norm. Women's bodies are diseased and dysfunctional. Female processes are not normal occurrences in the female body. They are deviant processes, needing male consultation and male solutions. This medicalization of women's bodies occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as medicine became professionalized and men came to be in control of women's bodies and their processes. During the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and part of the eighteenth century, midwives oversaw women's medical needs. Childbirth and diseases of the reproductive organs were the domain of midwives. Books on midwifery taught midwives to diagnose problems, to suggest treatments, and to oversee birth. As men sought to professionalize medicine and to further their control they began to become involved in midwifery and developed obstetrics and gynecology. The shift from midwife to obstetrician and gynecologist occurred from the early eighteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Relinquishing control of their territory was not something midwives did voluntarily, rather it happened as a result of questions of women's place and innovations in technology. Men's access to education and to technology provided them with an advantage over female midwives. Female midwives and women in general were denied medical education. They were not exposed, nor allowed to use certain technologies. In order for midwives to keep their job, they were forbidden from practicing medicine. Using technology was practicing medicine; midwives could not use technology to ease labor or to diagnose... ...d (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) Leavitt, Judith Walzer, ed., Women and Health in America (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984) Mitchinson, Wendy, "Hysteria and Insanity in Women: A Nineteenth Century Canadian Perspective" Journal of Canadian Studies 21 (1988): 1199-208 Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) Moscucci, Ornella, The Science of Woman: Gynecology and Gender in England 1800-1929 (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990) Tatlock, Lynne, "Speculum Feminarum: Gendered Perspectives on Obstetrics and Gynecology in Early Modern Germany" Signs 17 (1992): 725-56 Wajcman, Judy, Feminism Confronts Technology (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991)